Organisms are complex chemical systems, organized in a way that promotes reproduction and some measure of sustainability or survival. The same laws governing the chemistry of non-living organisms (e.g. rock, water, air) also apply to the chemical processes of living organisms. It is a phenomenon of the whole organism, Generally these are phenomena of the whole organism that determine their fitness in an environment and hence the viability of genes based on DNA.

The basic chemical element in these compounds is carbon. The element’s chemical properties like bonding with other small atoms, and its small size make it possible to form many bonds, making it a fundamental feature of organic life. It can form small 3-atomic compounds such as carbon dioxide), as well as large chains of thousands of atoms that hold data (nucleic acids), hold cells together, and transmit information (proteins).

In biology and ecology, an organism, lifeform or biological form is any entity that fully embodies (exhibit) the manifestations of life. Organisms are classified by taxa into definite groups such as multicellular organisms, animals, plants, and fungi; or unicellular organisms such as protists, bacteria, and archaea.[1]

All types of organisms have characteristic capabilities such as metabolism (metabolism), homeostasis, developmental biology, reproduction, and some degree of reactivity. response) to external physiological stimuli (stimulus). However, not all organisms possess all of these characteristics. Many organisms are incapable of self-motion and direct response to the environment or are incapable of self-reproduction. Humans are multicellular animals consisting of trillions of cells that differentiate during biological processes into specialized biological tissues and organs.

An organism can be a prokaryotic organism or a eukaryote. Prokaryotes are represented by two distinct domains (in the Three-domain system), namely the bacteriophage and the archaea. Eukaryotes are characterized by the presence of a cell nucleus bound to the cell membrane (membrane-bound) and additional membrane-bound compartments called organelles such as mitochondria (mitochondria) in animals and plants or plastids in plants and algae, all generally considered to be derived from bacterial symbiogenesis (endosymbiotic).[2]

Estimates of the Earth’s current number of species range from 10 million to 14 million,[3] of which only about 1.2 million have been recorded.[4] More than 99% of all species, accounting for more than 5 billion species,[5] that have ever lived are estimated to be extinct.[6][7] In 2016, a set of 355 genes from the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all organisms was identified.[8][9]

Chemistry

The compounds that make up organisms can be divided into macromolecules and other small molecules. The four groups of macromolecules are nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Nucleic acids (especially deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA) store genetic data in the form of nucleotide sequences. Nucleotide sequences of four different types (adenin, cytosi, guanine, and thymine) dictate many of the characteristics that make up organisms. The chain is divided into codons, each codon is a special sequence of 3 nucleotides and corresponds to a particular amino acid. Thus, the DNA strand that encodes a certain protein, due to the chemical properties of the amino acids that compose it, folds the protein in a particular way and thus performs a specific function.

The functions of the protein are noted:

Enzymes, which catalyze all the reactions of metabolism
Structural proteins, like tubulin, or collagen
Regulatory proteins, such as Regulatory proteins, such as transcription factors or cell cycle-regulating cyclins
Signaling molecules or receptors such as some hormones and their receptors
Protective proteins, which can include everything from immune system antibodies, to toxins (such as snake dendrotoxin), to proteins that include unusual amino acids such as canavanin
A double layer of phospholipids that form the cell membrane constitutes a barrier, containing everything inside the cell and protecting compounds that move freely in and out of the cell. Because of the selective permeability of a phospholipid membrane, only specific molecules can pass through it. In some multicellular organisms, they serve as energy storage and intercellular communication. Carbohydrates are more fragile than lipids and produce more energy than lipids and proteins. In fact, carbohydrates are a major source of energy for all living things.

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